R3.4 (AHL) Electron-Pair Sharing Reactions

What happens when reactants share their electron pairs with others?

R3.4 (AHL) Functional Group Chemistry

Skills Focus

using appropriate arrows to show movement of electrons in reaction mechanisms

UNDERSTANDINGS

Electron-Pair Sharing Reactions

R3.4.9—Nucleophilic substitution reactions include the reactions between halogenoalkanes and nucleophiles.
- Describe and explain the mechanisms of the reactions of primary and tertiary halogenoalkanes with nucleophiles.
R3.4.10—The rate of the substitution reactions is influenced by the identity of the leaving group.
- Predict and explain the relative rates of the substitution reactions for different halogenoalkanes.
R3.4.11—Alkenes readily undergo electrophilic addition reactions.
- Describe and explain the mechanisms of the reactions between symmetrical alkenes and halogens, water and hydrogen halides.
R3.4.12—The relative stability of carbocations in the addition reactions between

hydrogen halides and unsymmetrical alkenes can be used to explain the reaction mechanism.

- Predict and explain the major product of a reaction between an unsymmetrical alkene and a hydrogen halide or water.
R3.4.13—Electrophilic substitution reactions include the reactions of benzene with electrophiles.
- Describe and explain the mechanism of the reaction between benzene and a charged electrophile, E+.

MAKING CONNECTIONS

Structure 3.1—Why is the iodide ion a better leaving group than the chloride ion?

Structure 2.2—What are the features of benzene, C6H6, that make it not prone to undergo addition reactions, despite being highly unsaturated?

Reactivity 3.1—Nitration of benzene uses a mixture of concentrated nitric and sulfuric acids to generate a strong electrophile, NO2+. How can the acid/base behaviour of HNO3 in this mixture be described?

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