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Essential idea: The concept of the energy change in a single step reaction being equivalent to the summation of smaller steps can be applied to changes involving ionic compounds.
Essential idea: The concept of the energy change in a single step reaction being equivalent to the summation of smaller steps can be applied to changes involving ionic compounds.
Understandings
Understandings
• Representative equations (eg M+(g)M+(aq)) can be used for enthalpy /energy of hydration, ionization, atomization, electron affinity, lattice, covalent bond and solution.
• Enthalpy of solution, hydration enthalpy and lattice enthalpy are related in an energy cycle.
Applications and skills
Applications and skills
• Construction of Born-Haber cycles for group 1 and 2 oxides and chlorides.
• Construction of energy cycles from hydration, lattice and solution enthalpy. For example dissolution of solid NaOH or NH4Cl in water.
• Calculation of enthalpy changes from Born-Haber or dissolution energy cycles.
• Relate size and charge of ions to lattice and hydration enthalpies.
• Perform lab experiments which could include single replacement reactions in aqueous solutions.
Guidance
Guidance
• Polarizing effect of some ions producing covalent character in some largely ionic substances will not be assessed.
• The following enthalpy/energy terms should be covered: ionization, atomization, electron affinity, lattice, covalent bond, hydration and solution.
• Value for lattice enthalpies (section 18), enthalpies of aqueous solutions (section 19) and enthalpies of hydration (section 20) are given in the data booklet.
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