1. The skin and mucous membranes form a primary defense against pathogens that cause infectious disease.

• Define pathogen.

• State that skin and mucous membranes form the first line of defense against pathogens.

• Outline the role of skin, sebaceous glands and mucous membranes in the defense against pathogens.​

2. Cuts in the skin are sealed by blood clotting.

• State two benefits of blood clotting when skin is cut.​

3. Clotting factors are released from platelets.

• Outline two roles of platelets in the blood clotting cascade.​

4. The cascade results in the rapid conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombrin.

• Describe the blood clotting cascade, including the role of platelets, clotting factors, thrombin, fibrinogen and fibrin.

5. Ingestion of pathogens by phagocytic white blood cells gives non-specific immunity to diseases.

• State the white blood cells are the second line of defence against pathogens.

• Outline the function of phagocytic white blood cells in defense against pathogens.​

6. Production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to particular pathogens gives specific immunity.

• Define “specific immune response.”

• Contrast antigen and antibody.

• Describe the structure and function of antibodies.

• State the function of plasma cells and memory cells.​

7. Antibiotic blocks processes that occur in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells

• Define antibiotic.

• Outline the mechanisms by which antibiotics kill bacteria.

• Explain why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses.​

8. Viruses lack a metabolism and cannot therefore be treated with antibiotics.

• Explain why antibiotics are ineffective against viruses.

9. Some strains of bacteria have evolved with genes that confer resistance to antibiotics and some strains of bacteria have multiple resistance.​

• List five measures that can be taken to avoid the development of antibiotic resistance.

• Explain why multiple drug antibiotic resistance is especially dangerous.

• State an example of a multidrug resistant bacteria.

1. Causes and consequences of blood clot formation in coronary arteries.

• State the function of the coronary arteries.

• Define coronary thrombosis.

• List sources of arterial damage that increase the risk of coronary thrombosis.

• List factors that are correlated with an increased risk of coronary thrombosis and heart attack.

2. Effects of HIV on the immune system and methods of transmission.

• Describe the consequences of the HIV on the immune system.

• Outline the relationship between HIV and AIDS.

• List ways the HIV virus is spread.

3. Florey and Chain’s experiments to test penicillin on bacterial infections in mice.

• Explain methods and results of Florey and Chain’s experiments.​

Risks associated with scientific research- Florey and Chain’s tests on the safety of penicillin would not be compliant with current protocol on testing.

• Compare allowable research risks of the past with those of the present.​