Mitosis is division of the nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei.

• State the function of mitosis.

• List four processes which involve mitosis.

• State the names of the four phases of mitosis.

• Draw typical eukaryotic cells as they would appear during the interphase and the four phases of mitosis.

• Outline four events that occur during prophase.

• Outline the process of metaphase, inclusive of the role of microtubules and the kinetochore.

• Outline the process of anaphase.

• Outline four events that occur during telophase.

Chromosomes condense by supercoiling during mitosis.

• Describe the structure of a replicated chromosome, include the centromere and sister chromatids.

• Explain why chromosomes must condense during mitosis.

Cytokinesis occurs after mitosis and is different in plants and animal cells.

• Define cytokinesis.

• State the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis.

• Contrast cytokinesis in plant and animal cells.

• Describe the formation of the cleavage furrow in animal cell cytokinesis.

• Describe the formation of the middle lamella and cell wall in plant cell cytokinesis.

Interphase is a very active phase of the cell cycle with many processes occurring in the nucleus and cytoplasm.

• List example metabolic reactions occurring during cell interphase.

• Outline events of G1, S, G2 and G0 phases of interphase.

Cyclins are involved in the control of the cell cycle.

• Explain the role of cyclin and cyclin-CDK complexes in controlling the cell cycle.

• State the role of cyclins D, B, A and E in the cell cycle.

Mutagens, oncogenes and metastasis are involved in the development of primary and secondary tumors.

• Define tumor, benign, malignant, metastasis, cancer, mutagen and carcinogen.

• Describe why mutagens are not necessarily carcinogens.

• Describe how cancer arises, referring to accumulation of mutations over time.

• Explain the relationship between oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes and cancer.

The correlation between smoking and incidence of cancers.

• Explain the use of correlations to determine the relationship between two variables (inclusive of positive and negative correlations).

• Explain why the existence of a correlation does not necessitate a causal relationship between two variables.

• Calculate a correlation coefficient using Pearson's R.

• Determine if a correlation coefficient value is significant.

• Define significant as related to the relationship between two variables.

• Use epidemiological case study information to outline the relationships between smoking and cancer.

Identification of phases of mitosis in cells viewed with a microscope or in a micrograph.

• Determine the phase of mitosis of a cell viewed in a micrograph or with a microscope.

Determination of a mitotic index from a micrograph

• State the formula for calculation of a mitotic index.

• Calculate the mitotic index of a tissue as seen in a micrograph.

• Outline the use of mitotic index calculations in diagnosis and treatment of cancer

Serendipity and scientific discoveries- the discoveries of cyclins was accidental.

• Outline the discovery of cyclins including the role of serendipity.