09. Transport in Animals

• Describe the circulatory system as a system of blood vessels with a pump and valves to ensure one-way flow of blood

• Describe the single circulation of a fish

• Describe the double circulation of a mammal

• Explain the advantages of a double circulation

• Name and identify the structures of the mammalian heart, limited to the muscular wall, the septum, the left and right ventricles and atria, one-way valves and coronary arteries

• State that blood is pumped away from the heart into arteries and returns to the heart in veins

• State that the activity of the heart may be monitored by ECG, pulse rate and listening to sounds of valves closing

• Investigate and state the effect of physical activity on the pulse rate

• Describe coronary heart disease in terms of the blockage of coronary arteries and state the possible risk factors as diet, stress, smoking, genetic predisposition, age and gender

• Name and identify the atrioventricular and semilunar valves in the mammalian heart

• Explain the relative thickness:

– of the muscle wall of the left and right ventricles

– of the muscle wall of the atria compared to that of the ventricles

• Explain the importance of the septum in separating oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

• Describe the functioning of the heart in terms of the contraction of muscles of the atria and ventricles and the action of the valves

• Explain the effect of physical activity on the heart rate

• Discuss the roles of diet and exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease

• Describe ways in which coronary heart disease may be treated, limited to drug treatment with aspirin and surgery (stents, angioplasty and by- pass)

• Describe the structure and functions of arteries, veins and capillaries

• Name the main blood vessels to and from the:

– heart, limited to vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein

– lungs, limited to the pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein

– kidney, limited to the renal artery and renal vein

• Explain how the structures of arteries, veins and capillaries are adapted for their functions

• State the function of arterioles, venules and shunt vessels

• Outline the lymphatic system in terms of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes

• Describe the function of the lymphatic system in the circulation of body fluids and the protection of the body from infection

• List the components of blood as red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma

• Identify red and white blood cells, as seen under the light microscope, on prepared slides and in diagrams and photomicrographs

• State the functions of the following components of blood:

– red blood cells in transporting oxygen, including the role of haemoglobin – white blood cells in phagocytosis and antibody production

– platelets in clotting (details are not required)

– plasma in the transport of blood cells, ions, soluble nutrients, hormones and carbon dioxide

• Identify lymphocyte and phagocyte white blood cells, as seen under the light microscope, on prepared slides and in diagrams and photomicrographs

• State the functions of:

– lymphocytes – antibody production

– phagocytes – phagocytosis

• Describe the process of clotting as the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a mesh

• State the roles of blood clotting as preventing blood loss and preventing the entry of pathogens

• Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid (details of the roles of water potential and hydrostatic pressure are not required)