14. Organic Chemistry

• Name and draw the structures of methane, ethane, ethene, ethanol, ethanoic acid and the products of the reactions stated in sections 14.4–14.6

• State the type of compound present, given a chemical name ending in ‑ane, ‑ene, ‑ol, or

‑oic acid or a molecular structure

• Name and draw the structures of the unbranched alkanes, alkenes (not cis-trans), alcohols and acids containing up to four carbon atoms per molecule

• Name and draw the structural formulae of the esters which can be made from unbranched

alcohols and carboxylic acids, each containing up to four carbon atoms

• Describe the concept of homologous series as a ‘family’ of similar compounds with similar chemical properties due to the presence of the same functional group

• Describe the general characteristics of a homologous series

• Recall that the compounds in a homologous series have the same general formula

• Describe and identify structural isomerism

• Describe the properties of alkanes (exemplified by methane) as being generally unreactive, except in terms of burning

• Describe the bonding in alkanes

• Describe substitution reactions of alkanes with chlorine

• Describe the manufacture of alkenes and of hydrogen by cracking

• Distinguish between saturated andunsaturated hydrocarbons:

–– from molecular structures

–– by reaction with aqueous bromine

• Describe the formation of poly(ethene) as an example of addition polymerisation of monomer units

• Describe the properties of alkenes in terms of addition reactions with bromine, hydrogen

and steam

• Describe the manufacture of ethanol by fermentation and by the catalytic addition of steam to ethene

• Describe the properties of ethanol in terms of burning

• Name the uses of ethanol as a solvent and as a fuel

• Outline the advantages and disadvantages of

these two methods of manufacturing ethanol

• Describe the properties of aqueous ethanoic acid

• Describe the formation of ethanoic acid by the oxidation of ethanol by fermentation and with acidified potassium manganate(VII)

• Describe ethanoic acid as a typical weak acid

• Describe the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to give an ester

• Define polymers as large molecules built up from small units (monomers)

• Understand that different polymers have different units and/or different linkages

• Name some typical uses of plastics and of man-made fibres such as nylon and Terylene

• Describe the pollution problems caused by nonbiodegradable plastics

• Explain the differences between condensation and addition polymerisation

• Deduce the structure of the polymer product from a given alkene and vice versa

• Describe the formation of nylon (a polyamide) and Terylene (a polyester) by condensation polymerisation, the structure of nylon and the structure of Terylene.