• Transition elements have variable oxidation states, form complex ions with ligands, have coloured compounds, and display catalytic and magnetic properties.

• Zn is not considered to be a transition element as it does not form ions with incomplete d- orbitals.

• Transition elements show an oxidation state of +2 when the s-electrons are removed.

• Explanation of the ability of transition metals to form variable oxidation states from successive ionization energies.

• Explanation of the nature of the coordinate bond within a complex ion.

• Deduction of the total charge given the formula of the ion and ligands present.

• Explanation of the magnetic properties in transition metals in terms of unpaired electrons.

• Common oxidation charges on transition metal ions are given in section 9 of the data booklet, and common oxidation states are given in section 14.